However, there was a more intense response in ferrosol likely due to higher Pb concentrations in earthworms. The results showed that the metabolite profiles were highly similar in Pb-contaminated ferrosol and cambosol (R 2ā=ā0.76, pā<ā0.0001), which can be attributed to similar response mechanisms. The survival rates, metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of the earthworms were also measured and calculated as auxiliary data. Data were then analyzed with principal component analysis followed by orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares-discriminant analysis and univariate analysis to determine possible mechanisms for the changes in metabolites. Polar metabolites of earthworms were detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. To characterize the potential toxicity of low Pb- and Cd-contaminated arable soils, earthworms were exposed to Pb contaminated ferrosol, cambosol or Cd contaminated ferrosol for two weeks.
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